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<title>Programming model</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Programming model</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the definition of the term 'programming model'. For classification of programming languages, see <a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>programming model</b> is an <a href="Execution_model" title="Execution model">execution model</a> coupled to an <a href="API" title="API">API</a> or a particular pattern of code. In this style, there are actually two execution models in play: the execution model of the base <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> and the execution model of the programming model. An example is <a href="Apache_Spark" title="Apache Spark">Spark</a> where <a href="Java_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Java language"> Java</a> is the base language, and Spark is the programming model. Execution may be based on what appear to be <a href="Programming_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming library">library</a> calls. Other examples include the <a href="POSIX_Threads" class="mw-redirect" title="POSIX Threads">POSIX Threads</a> library and Hadoop's <a href="MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases, the <a href="Execution_model" title="Execution model">execution model</a> of the programming model is different from that of the base language in which the code is written. For example, the <a href="C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C programming language</a> has no behavior in its execution model for input/output or thread behavior. But such behavior can be invoked from C syntax, by making what appears to be a call to a normal C library.

</p><p>What distinguishes a programming model from a normal library is that the behavior of the call cannot be understood in terms of the language the program is written in. For example, the behavior of calls to the POSIX thread library cannot be understood in terms of the C language. The reason is that the call invokes an execution model that is different from the execution model of the language. This invocation of an outside execution model is the defining characteristic of a programming <i>model</i>, in contrast to a programming <i>language</i>.

</p><p>In <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a>, the execution model often must expose features of the hardware in order to achieve high performance. The large amount of variation in parallel hardware causes a concurrent need for a similarly large number of parallel execution models. It is impractical to make a new language for each execution model, hence it is a common practice to invoke the behaviors of the parallel execution model via an API. So, most of the programming effort is done via parallel programming models rather than parallel languages. The terminology around such programming models tends to focus on the details of the hardware that inspired the execution model, and in that insular world the mistaken belief is formed that a programming model is only for the case when an execution model is closely matched to hardware features.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFIBM" class="citation web cs1">IBM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/analytics/hadoop/mapreduce">"What is MapReduce"</a>. <i><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarcelona_Supercomputing_Center" class="citation web cs1">Barcelona Supercomputing Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://compss.bsc.es/">"COMP Superscalar Programming Model"</a>.</cite></span>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Programming_model&oldid=1280953669">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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